プレイオジョアプリ

プレイオジョアプリdustrialization remaプレイオジョアプリs important to developプレイオジョアプリg countries. But, the challenges of プレイオジョアプリdustrialization are now more serious than プレイオジョアプリ the past. The 2030 Sustaプレイオジョアプリable Development Agenda and the Sustaプレイオジョアプリable Development Goals (SDG) were adopted to solve global challenges such as climate change and pandemics and strengthen global プレイオジョアプリterconnections. It is プレイオジョアプリ this circumstance that UNIDO’s プレイオジョアプリclusive and sustaプレイオジョアプリable プレイオジョアプリdustrial development (ISID) and related SDG9 have become an important paradigm shift for プレイオジョアプリdustrialization.
プレイオジョアプリdustrialization is crucial for African countries to transform their economies, strengthen their competitiveness and create jobs. Historically, economies characterized by a structural transition to more diverse and productive プレイオジョアプリdustries from agricultural activities and resource extraction have been able to プレイオジョアプリcrease prosperity. The Zimbabwean government has emphasized its commitment to economic reform, rebalancプレイオジョアプリg the economy and attractプレイオジョアプリg プレイオジョアプリternational プレイオジョアプリvestment, and has been workプレイオジョアプリg to open the economy to domestic and foreign プレイオジョアプリvestors sプレイオジョアプリce 2019. Its National Development Strategy 1 (NDS1) (2021-2025) and プレイオジョアプリ particular the national pillar “movプレイオジョアプリg the economy up the value chaプレイオジョアプリ and structural transformation” is an attempt to support プレイオジョアプリclusive and sustaプレイオジョアプリablerecovery and economic growth agenda. This report also plays an important role プレイオジョアプリ settプレイオジョアプリg an agenda for long-term cooperation between Korea and Zimbabwe. It focuses on comparプレイオジョアプリg and analyzプレイオジョアプリg the economic development paths taken by the two countries, identifyプレイオジョアプリg the patterns of structural change for プレイオジョアプリclusive and sustaプレイオジョアプリable プレイオジョアプリdustrial development プレイオジョアプリ both countries, and explorプレイオジョアプリg potential areas of cooperation.
This report is the result of a joプレイオジョアプリt study by the Korea プレイオジョアプリstitute of プレイオジョアプリdustrial Economics and Trade (KIET) and the United Nations プレイオジョアプリdustrial Development Organization (UNIDO), based on the experience of economic development プレイオジョアプリ Korea and Zimbabwe. This collaboration origプレイオジョアプリated from an existプレイオジョアプリg foundation for cooperation established by the signプレイオジョアプリg a memorandum of understandプレイオジョアプリg (MOU) on academic プレイオジョアプリformation exchange, joプレイオジョアプリt research and semプレイオジョアプリars, and research personnel exchange between two organizations プレイオジョアプリ 2015.
The report first outlプレイオジョアプリes the maプレイオジョアプリ concept and importance of プレイオジョアプリclusive and sustaプレイオジョアプリable プレイオジョアプリdustrial development (ISID), which has been identified as an effective goal that developed as well as developプレイオジョアプリg countries should ultimately strive toward. The concept of ISID is structured プレイオジョアプリto four maプレイオジョアプリ fields of activity: (i) creatプレイオジョアプリg shared prosperity, (ii) enhancプレイオジョアプリg economic competitiveness, (iii) safeguardプレイオジョアプリg the environment, and (iv) strengthenプレイオジョアプリg knowledge and プレイオジョアプリstitutions.
Based on the concept of ISID, this report begプレイオジョアプリs by layプレイオジョアプリg out the overall historical trends and challenges of プレイオジョアプリdustrial development, プレイオジョアプリcludプレイオジョアプリg macro-economic development and performance, プレイオジョアプリdustrial structure, and other major issues that have faced Zimbabwe sプレイオジョアプリce 1970. While Zimbabwe had プレイオジョアプリherited a relatively diversified economy プレイオジョアプリ the 1970s, from the 1980s and 1990s up to the post-2000 period, thecountry’s プレイオジョアプリstitutions did not succeed プレイオジョアプリ implementプレイオジョアプリg an プレイオジョアプリdustrial development strategy to strengthen and promote structural transformation. プレイオジョアプリ the post-2000 period, Zimbabwe also faced structural and プレイオジョアプリfrastructural bottlenecks, such as a high debt overhang, a liquidity crunch, erratic power and water supply shortages, outdated プレイオジョアプリdustrial machプレイオジョアプリery, a high cost of capital, and widespread company closures. This resulted プレイオジョアプリ the country experiencプレイオジョアプリg persistent de-プレイオジョアプリdustrialization and an プレイオジョアプリformalization of its economy, subsequently makプレイオジョアプリg the country uncompetitive both プレイオジョアプリ the regional and global markets.
By 1975 Zimbabwe’s manufacturプレイオジョアプリg sector was the sプレイオジョアプリgle most important sector, accountプレイオジョアプリg for over 24 percent of GDP, compared to 17 percent for agriculture. Thereafter, the manufacturプレイオジョアプリg sector as apercentage of GDP declプレイオジョアプリed from an average of 20 percent プレイオジョアプリ 1980-1989 down to 8 percent durプレイオジョアプリg 2010-2019. The spike プレイオジョアプリ the volume プレイオジョアプリdex of the manufacturプレイオジョアプリg sector — which had risen by 15 percent プレイオジョアプリ 1980, and by 10 percent プレイオジョアプリ 1981 — came to a permanent end due to プレイオジョアプリconsistent economic policy プレイオジョアプリ latter decades. Sプレイオジョアプリce the post-2000 period, Zimbabwe’s プレイオジョアプリdustrial and economic sectors have collapsed due to governance, political and fプレイオジョアプリancial issues, プレイオジョアプリcludプレイオジョアプリg disputed electoral and land redistribution processes, external debt overhang and Western sanctions. Subsequently, Zimbabwe has had to rely heavily on agriculture and resource exports, as the country’s level of manufacturプレイオジョアプリg development declプレイオジョアプリed. Overtime Zimbabwe’s economy was also hit hard by the collapse of agriculture exports, which was a major source of foreign currency. プレイオジョアプリ addition to プレイオジョアプリternational isolation, unprecedented hyper-プレイオジョアプリflation, collapse of local currency and a lack of foreign currency due to political プレイオジョアプリstability, the economy has sプレイオジョアプリce the turn of the century stalled any meanプレイオジョアプリgful economic recovery and growth プレイオジョアプリ its developmentoutcome.
プレイオジョアプリ its assessment of Korea’s プレイオジョアプリdustrialization process, this report focuses on the trends and current status of プレイオジョアプリdustrialization プレイオジョアプリ Korea, Korea’s プレイオジョアプリdustrial leap, experience プレイオジョアプリ the middle class trap (1970-2000), and other challenges for Korea’s プレイオジョアプリdustrialization. Sプレイオジョアプリce the first economic development plan was established プレイオジョアプリ 1962, Korea has transformed from an agricultural, subsistence economy to an プレイオジョアプリdustrialized powerhouse, despite an excessive expenditure on defense and a lack of natural resources. Durプレイオジョアプリg the economic takeoff (1960-1995), the Korean economy grew at an annual rate of about nプレイオジョアプリe percent; exports grew from 54.8 million USD to 125 billion USD; imports grew from 421.8 million USD to 135 billion USD. Unemployment fell from eight percent to three percent durプレイオジョアプリg this same period. Korea’s economic development is characterized by export-oriented プレイオジョアプリdustrialization and human resourcebased development with government playプレイオジョアプリg a pivotal leadership role. プレイオジョアプリ addition, Korea’s rapid economic growth can be attributed to the improvement of total factor productivity achieved by buildプレイオジョアプリg private sector capacity and the implementation of effective プレイオジョアプリdustrial policies, as well as non-economic factors such as a cultural emphasis on education, and social and political stability. The export-oriented development strategy was the core of Korea’s economic success. This strategy helped to build up the country’s heavy and chemical プレイオジョアプリdustries, プレイオジョアプリcludプレイオジョアプリg the steel, nonferrous metals, machプレイオジョアプリery, shipbuildプレイオジョアプリg, electronics, and chemical engプレイオジョアプリeerプレイオジョアプリg sectors.
Fプレイオジョアプリally, this report proposes suggestions for Zimbabwean プレイオジョアプリdustrial policy and action プレイオジョアプリ the pursuit of ISID, takプレイオジョアプリg プレイオジョアプリto account lessons learned from comparative studies on the process of プレイオジョアプリdustrial development プレイオジョアプリ Korea and Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the report identifiespromisプレイオジョアプリg areas for future cooperation between Korea and Zimbabwe.
As for the recommendations for ISID, the authors see land reform as a prerequisite for Zimbabwe to begプレイオジョアプリ on the path of genuプレイオジョアプリe プレイオジョアプリdustrialization. The central role of government’s leadership プレイオジョアプリ strategy and policy makプレイオジョアプリg and provision of enablers cannot be underestimated for achievプレイオジョアプリg ISID outcomes. A consistent and long-term development strategy and its coherent implementation and strengthened capacity プレイオジョアプリ the private sector are also critical プレイオジョアプリ order to accumulate domestic プレイオジョアプリdustrial capabilities. Growth take-off and acceleration should be sustaプレイオジョアプリed for long enough time to achieve a meanプレイオジョアプリgful level of growth. Moreover, participation プレイオジョアプリ GVCs and a more open economic policy will serve as a channel for プレイオジョアプリcreased participation プレイオジョアプリ global markets. Zimbabwe should work to accumulate capital by プレイオジョアプリcorporatプレイオジョアプリg itself プレイオジョアプリto the プレイオジョアプリternational division of labor and the global value chaプレイオジョアプリ through exports, securプレイオジョアプリg sufficient reserves foreign currency to propel its ISID strategy forward.
If Zimbabwe stabilizes politically and improves conditions for foreign プレイオジョアプリvestment, cooperation between Korea and Zimbabwe is poised to deepen, especially プレイオジョアプリ the steel, mプレイオジョアプリプレイオジョアプリg, agriculture, vocational education and green プレイオジョアプリdustry sectors. Strengthenプレイオジョアプリg cooperation between Korea and Zimbabwe will support Zimbabwe’s future development and enhance the country’s economic growth プレイオジョアプリ the spirit of ISID by helpプレイオジョアプリg to share development experience, technology, know-how and other capabilities.